Cytosolic phospholipase A2-beta enzymes

ABSTRACT

The invention provides a novel calcium-independent cytosolic phospholipase A 2 -Beta enzyme, polynucleotides encoding such enzyme and methods for screening unknown compounds for anti-inflammatory activity mediated by the arachidonic acid cascade.

The present application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/895,547, filed Jun. 29, 2001, now is U.S. Pat. No. 6,468,625 which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/460,145, filed Dec. 13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,287,838, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/788,975, filed Jan. 24, 1997, now abandoned. The contents of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/788,975, including any drawing figures and/or sequence listings, are being relied upon and are incorporated herein by reference.

The present invention relates to a purified cytosolic phospholipase A₂-Beta (cPLA₂-β) enzymes which are useful for assaying chemical agents for anti-inflammatory activity.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The phospholipase A₂ enzymes comprise a widely distributed family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-2 position. One kind of phospholipase A₂ enzymes, secreted phospholipase A₂ or sPLA₂, are involved in a number of biological functions, including phospholipid digestion, the toxic activities of numerous venoms, and potential antibacterial activities. A second kind of phospholipase A₂ enzymes, the intracellular phospholipase A₂ enzymes, also known as cytosolic phospholipase A₂ or cPLA₂, are active in membrane phospholipid turnover and in regulation of intracellular signalling mediated by the multiple components of the well-known arachidonic acid cascade. One or more cPLA₂ enzymes are believed to be responsible for the rate limiting step in the arachidonic acid cascade, namely, release of arachidonic acid from membrane glycerophospholipids. The action of cPLA₂ also results in biosynthesis of platelet activating factor (PAF). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,322,776, 5,354,677, 5,527,698 and 5,593,878 disclose such enzymes (sometimes referred to herein as “cPLA₂α”).

The phospholipase B enzymes are a family of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of the acyl ester bond of glycerophospholipids at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions. The mechanism of hydrolysis is unclear but may consist of initial hydrolysis of the sn-2 fatty acid followed by rapid cleavage of the sn-1 substituent, i.e., functionally equivalent to the combination of phospholipase A₂ and lysophospholipase (Saito et al., Methods of Enzymol., 1991, 197, 446; Gassama-Diagne et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 9470). Whether these two events occur at the same or two distinct active sites has not been resolved. It is also unknown if these enzymes have a preference for the removal of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular arachidonic acid, at the sn-2 position and accordingly contribute to the arachidonic acid cascade.

Upon release from the membrane, arachidonic acid may be metabolized via the cyclooxygenase pathway to produce the various prostaglandins and thromboxanes, or via the lipoxygenase pathway to produce the various leukotrienes and related compounds. The prostaglandins, leukotrienes and platelet activating factor are well known mediators of various inflammatory states, and numerous anti-inflammatory drugs have been developed which function by inhibiting one or more steps in the arachidonic acid cascade. The efficacy of the present anti-inflammatory drugs which act through inhibition of arachidonic acid cascade steps is limited by the existence of side effects which may be harmful to various individuals.

A very large industrial effort has been made to identify additional anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade. In general, this industrial effort has employed the secreted phospholipase A₂ enzymes in inhibitor screening assays, for example, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,917,826. However, because the secreted phospholipase A₂ enzymes are extracellular proteins (i.e., not cytosolic) and do not selectively hydrolyze arachidonic acid, they are presently not believed to contribute to prostaglandin and leukotriene production. While some inhibitors of the small secreted phospholipase A₂ enzymes have been reported to display anti-inflammatory activity, such as bromphenacyl bromide, mepacrine, and certain butyrophenones as disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,239,780. The site of action of these compounds is unclear as these agents retain anti-inflammatory activity in mouse strains lacking sPLA₂. It is presently believed that inhibitor screening assays should employ cytosolic phospholipase A₂ enzymes which initiate the arachidonic acid cascade.

An improvement in the search for anti-inflammatory drugs which inhibit the arachidonic acid cascade was developed in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776, incorporated herein by reference. In that application, a cytosolic form of phospholipase A₂ was identified, isolated, and cloned. Use of the cytosolic form of phospholipase A₂ to screen for anti-inflammatory drugs provides a significant improvement in identifying inhibitors of the arachidonic acid cascade. The cytosolic phospholipase A₂ disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776 is a 110 kD protein which depends on the presence of elevated levels of calcium inside the cell for its activity. The cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776 plays a pivotal role in the production of leukotrienes and prostaglandins initiated by the action of pro-inflammatory cytokines and calcium mobilizing agents. The cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776 is activated by phosphorylation on serine residues and increasing levels of intracellular calcium, resulting in translocation of the enzyme from the cytosol to the membrane where arachidonic acid is selectively hydrolyzed from membrane phospholipids.

In addition to the cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776, some cells contain calcium independent phospholipase A₂/B enzymes. For example, such enzymes have been identified in rat, rabbit, canine and human heart tissue (Gross, TCM, 1991, 2, 115; Zupan et al., J. Med. Chem., 1993, 36, 95; Hazen et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1993, 91, 2513; Lehman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 20713; Zupan et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1992, 267, 8707; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 14526; Loeb et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1986, 261, 10467; Wolf et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1985, 260, 7295; Hazen et al., Meth. Enzymol., 1991, 197, 400; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1990, 265, 10622; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1993, 268, 9892; Ford et al., J. Clin. Invest., 1991, 88, 331; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 5629; Hazen et al., Circulation Res., 1992, 70, 486; Hazen et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1991, 266, 7227; Zupan et al., FEBS, 1991, 284, 27), as well as rat and human pancreatic islet cells (Ramanadham et al., Biochemistry, 1993, 32, 337; Gross et al., Biochemistry, 1993, 32, 327), in the macrophage-like cell line, P388D₁ (Ulevitch et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1988, 263, 3079; Ackermann et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1994, 269, 9227; Ross et al., Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1985, 238, 247; Ackermann et al., FASEB Journal, 1993, 7(7), 1237), in various rat tissue cytosols (Nijssen et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1986, 876, 611; Pierik et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1988, 962, 345; Aarsman et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 10008), bovine brain (Ueda et al., Biochem. Biophys, Res. Comm., 1993, 195, 1272; Hirashima et al., J. Neurochem., 1992, 59, 708), in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) mitochondria (Yost et al., Biochem. International, 1991, 24, 199), hamster heart cytosol (Cao et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1987, 262, 16027), rabbit lung microsomes (Angle et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1988, 962, 234) and guinea pig intestinal brush-border membrane (Gassama-Diagne et al., J. Biol. Chem., 1989, 264, 9470). U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,466,595, 5,554,511 and 5,589,170 also disclose calcium independent cPLA₂/B enzymes (sometimes referred to herein as “iPLA₂”).

It is believed that the phospholipase enzymes may perform important functions in release of arachidonic acid in specific tissues which are characterized by unique membrane phospholipids, by generating lysophospholipid species which are deleterious to membrane integrity or by remodeling of unsaturated species of membrane phospholipids through deacylation/reacylation mechanisms. The activity of such a phospholipase may well be regulated by mechanisms that are different from that of the cPLA₂ of U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776. In addition the activity may be more predominant in certain inflamed tissues over others.

Therefore, it would be desirable to identify and isolate additional cPLA₂ enzymes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In other embodiments, the invention provides isolated polynucleotides comprising a nucleotide sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:1;     -   (b) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO:2;     -   (c) a nucleotide sequence encoding a fragment of the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay         with 1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine;     -   (d) a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing with the         sequence of (a), (b) or (c) which encodes a peptide having         activity in a mixed micelle assay with         1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholin;     -   (e) allelic variants of the sequence of (a);     -   (f) the nucleotide sequence of SEQ ID NO:3;     -   (g) a nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequence of         SEQ ID NO:4;     -   (h) a nucleotide sequence encoding a fragment of the amino acid         sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 having activity in a mixed micelle assay         with 1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine; and     -   (i) a nucleotide sequence capable of hybridizing with the         sequence of (f), (g) or (h) which encodes a peptide having         activity in a mixed micelle assay with         1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholin.

Expression vectors comprising such polynucleotides and host cells transformed with such vectors are also provided by the present invention. Compositions comprising peptides encoded by such polynucleotides are also provided.

The present invention also provides processes for producing a phospholipase enzyme, said process comprising: (a) establishing a culture of the host cell transformed with a cPLA₂-Beta encoding polynucleotide in a suitable culture medium; and (b) isolating said enzyme from said culture. Compositions comprising a peptide made according to such processes are also provided.

Certain embodiments of the present invention provide compositions comprising a peptide comprising an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of:

-   -   (a) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2;     -   (b) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:2 having         activity in a mixed micelle assay with         1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine;     -   (c) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4; and     -   (d) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:4 having         activity in a mixed micelle assay with         1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine.

The present invention also provides methods for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: (a) combining a phospholipid, a candidate inhibitor compound, and a composition comprising a phospholipase enzyme peptide; and (b) observing whether said phospholipase enzyme peptide cleaves said phospholipid and releases fatty acid thereby, wherein the peptide composition is one of those described above. Inhibitor of phospholipase activity identified by such methods, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of such inhibitors and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and methods of reducing inflammation by administering such pharmaceutical compositions to a mammalian subject are also provided.

Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies to the peptides of the invention are also provided.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1A presents data evidenceing increased PLA₂ activity in cells transfected with pEDΔC-n48.

FIG. 1B presents data comparing PLA₂ activities of cells transfected with plasmids expressing cPLA₂α, cPLA₂β and iPLA₂.

FIG. 2 depicts a gel evidencing the expression of cPLA₂β in COS cells.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A cDNA encoding the cPLA₂-Beta of the present invention was isolated as described in Example 1. The sequence of the partial cDNA first isolated is reported as SEQ ID NO:1. The amino acid sequence encoded by such cDNA is SEQ ID NO:2. For purposes of expression, as explained in Example 1, polynucleotides encoding N-terminal sequence from cPLA₂ was added to the partial cDNA. The polynucleotide sequence of this fusion is reported as SEQ ID NO:3. The amino acid sequence encoded by the fuion cDNA is reported as SEQ ID NO:4.

The invention also encompasses allelic variations of the cDNA sequence as set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:3, that is, naturally-occurring alternative forms of the cDNAs of SEQ ID NO:1 and SEQ ID NO:3 which also encode phospholipase enzymes of the present invention. Also included in the invention are isolated DNAs which hybridize to the DNA sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO:1 or SEQ ID NO:3 under stringent (e.g. 4×SSC at 65° C. or 50% formamide and 4×SSC at 42° C.), or relaxed (4×SSC at 50° C. or 30-40% formamide at 42° C.) conditions.

The isolated polynucleotides of the invention may be operably linked to an expression control sequence such as the pMT2 or pED expression vectors disclosed in Kaufman et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 19, 4485-4490 (1991), in order to produce the phospholipase enzyme peptides recombinantly. Many suitable expression control sequences are known in the art. General methods of expressing recombinant proteins are also known and are exemplified in R. Kaufman, Methods in Enzymology 185, 537-566 (1990). As defined herein “operably linked” means enzymatically or chemically ligated to form a covalent bond between the isolated polynucleotide of the invention and the expression control sequence, in such a way that the phospholipase enzyme peptide is expressed by a host cell which has been transformed (transfected) with the ligated polynucleotide/expression control sequence.

A number of types of cells may act as suitable host cells for expression of the phospholipase enzyme peptide. Suitable host cells are capable of attaching carbohydrate side chains characteristic of functional phospholipase enzyme peptide. Such capability may arise by virtue of the presence of a suitable glycosylating enzyme within the host cell, whether naturally occurring, induced by chemical mutagenesis, or through transfection of the host cell with a suitable expression plasmid containing a polynucleotide encoding the glycosylating enzyme. Host cells include, for example, monkey COS cells, Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, human kidney 293 cells, human epidermal A431 cells, human Colo205 cells, 3T3 cells, CV-1 cells, other transformed primate cell lines, normal diploid cells, cell strains derived from in vitro culture of primary tissue, primary explants, HeLa cells, mouse L cells, BHK, HL-60, U937, or HaK cells.

The phospholipase enzyme peptide may also be produced by operably linking the isolated polynucleotide of the invention to suitable control sequences in one or more insect expression vectors, and employing an insect expression system. Materials and methods for baculovirus/insect cell expression systems are commercially available in kit form from, e.g., Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif., U.S.A. (the MaxBac® kit), and such methods are well known in the art, as described in Summers and Smith, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 1555 (1987), incorporated herein by reference.

Alternatively, it may be possible to produce the phospholipase enzyme peptide in lower eukaryotes such as yeast or in prokaryotes such as bacteria. Potentially suitable yeast strains include Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Kluyveromyces strains, Candida, or any yeast strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. Potentially suitable bacterial strains include Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, or any bacterial strain capable of expressing heterologous proteins. If the phospholipase enzyme peptide is made in yeast or bacteria, it is necessary to attach the appropriate carbohydrates to the appropriate sites on the protein moiety covalently, in order to obtain the glycosylated phospholipase enzyme peptide. Such covalent attachments may be accomplished using known chemical or enzymatic methods.

The phospholipase enzyme peptide of the invention may also be expressed as a product of transgenic animals, e.g., as a component of the milk of transgenic cows, goats, pigs, or sheep which are characterized by somatic or germ cells containing a polynucleotide encoding the phospholipase enzyme peptide.

The phospholipase enzyme peptide of the invention may be prepared by culturing transformed host cells under culture conditions necessary to express a phospholipase enzyme peptide of the present invention. The resulting expressed protein may then be purified from culture medium or cell extracts as described in the examples below.

Alternatively, the phospholipase enzyme peptide of the invention is concentrated using a commercially available protein concentration filter, for example, an Amicon or Millipore Pellicon ultrafiltration unit. Following the concentration step, the concentrate can be applied to a purification matrix such as a gel filtration medium. Alternatively, an anion exchange resin can be employed, for example, a matrix or substrate having pendant diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) groups. The matrices can be acrylamide, agarose, dextran, cellulose or other types commonly employed in protein purification. Alternatively, a cation exchange step can be employed. Suitable cation exchangers include various insoluble matrices comprising sulfopropyl or carboxymethyl groups. Sulfopropyl groups are preferred (e.g., S-Sepharose® columns). The purification of the phospholipase enzyme peptide from culture supernatant may also include one or more column steps over such affinity resins as concanavalin A-agarose, heparin-toyopearl® or Cibacrom blue 3GA Sepharose®; or by hydrophobic interaction chromatography using such resins as phenyl ether, butyl ether, or propyl ether; or by immunoaffinity chromatography.

Finally, one or more reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) steps employing hydrophobic RP-HPLC media. e.g., silica gel having pendant methyl or other aliphatic groups, can be employed to further purify the phospholipase enzyme peptide. Some or all of the foregoing purification steps, in various combinations, can also be employed to provide a substantially homogeneous isolated recombinant protein. The phospholipase enzyme peptide thus purified is substantially free of other mammalian proteins and is defined in accordance with the present invention as “isolated phospholipase enzyme peptide”.

The cPLA₂-Beta of the present invention may be used to screen for compounds having anti-inflammatory activity mediated by the various components of the arachidonic acid cascade. Many assays for phospholipase activity are known and may be used with the phospholipase A₂-Beta on the present invention to screen unknown compounds. For example, such an assay may be a mixed micelle assay as described in Example 2. Other known phospholipase activity assays include, without limitation, those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,776. These assays may be performed manually or may be automated or robotized for faster screening. Methods of automation and robotization are known to those skilled in the art.

In one possible screening assay, a first mixture is formed by combining a phospholipase enzyme peptide of the present invention with a phospholipid cleavable by such peptide, and the amount of hydrolysis in the first mixture (B_(o)) is measured. A second mixture is also formed by combining the peptide, the phospholipid and the compound or agent to be screened, and the amount of hydrolysis in the second mixture (B) is measured. The amounts of hydrolysis in the first and second mixtures are compared, for example, by performing a B/B_(o) calculation. A compound or agent is considered to be capable of inhibiting phospholipase activity (i.e., providing anti-inflammatory activity) if a decrease in hydrolysis in the second mixture as compared to the first mixture is observed. The formulation and optimization of mixtures is within the level of skill in the art, such mixtures may also contain buffers and salts necessary to enhance or to optimize the assay, and additional control assays may be included in the screening assay of the invention.

Other uses for the cPLA₂-Beta of the present invention are in the development of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Such antibodies may be generated by employing purified forms of the cPLA₂ or immunogenic fragments thereof as an antigen using standard methods for the development of polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies as are known to those skilled in the art. Such polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies are useful as research or diagnostic tools, and further may be used to study phospholipase A₂ activity and inflammatory conditions.

Pharmaceutical compositions containing anti-inflammatory agents (i.e., inhibitors) identified by the screening method of the present invention may be employed to treat, for example, a number of inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, asthma, inflammatory bowel disease and other diseases mediated by increased levels of prostaglandins, leukotriene, or platelet activating factor. Pharmaceutical compositions of the invention comprise a therapeutically effective amount of a cPLA₂ inhibitor compound first identified according to the present invention in a mixture with an optional pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the effectiveness of the biological activity of the active ingredient(s). The term “therapeutically effective amount” means the total amount of each active component of the method or composition that is sufficient to show a meaningful patient benefit, i.e., healing or amelioration of chronic conditions or increase in rate of healing or amelioration. When applied to an individual active ingredient, administered alone, the term refers to that ingredient alone. When applied to a combination, the term refers to combined amounts of the active ingredients that result in the therapeutic effect, whether administered in combination, serially or simultaneously. A therapeutically effective dose of the inhibitor of this invention is contemplated to be in the range of about 0.1 μg to about 100 mg per kg body weight per application. It is contemplated that the duration of each application of the inhibitor will be in the range of 12 to 24 hours of continuous administration. The characteristics of the carrier or other material will depend on the route of administration.

The amount of inhibitor in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will depend upon the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and on the nature of prior treatments which the patient has undergone. Ultimately, the attending physician will decide the amount of inhibitor with which to treat each individual patient. Initially, the attending physician will administer low doses of inhibitor and observe the patient's response. Larger doses of inhibitor may be administered until the optimal therapeutic effect is obtained for the patient, and at that point the dosage is not increased further.

Administration is preferably intravenous, but other known methods of administration for anti-inflammatory agents may be used. Administration of the anti-inflammatory compounds identified by the method of the invention can be carried out in a variety of conventional ways. For example, for topical administration, the anti-inflammatory compound of the invention will be in the form of a pyrogen-free, dermatologically acceptable liquid or semi-solid formulation such as an ointment, cream, lotion, foam or gel. The preparation of such topically applied formulations is within the skill in the art. Gel formulation should contain, in addition to the anti-inflammatory compound, about 2 to about 5% W/W of a gelling agent. The gelling agent may also function to stabilize the active ingredient and preferably should be water soluble. The formulation should also contain about 2% W/V of a bactericidal agent and a buffering agent. Exemplary gels include ethyl, methyl, and propyl celluloses. Preferred gels include carboxypolymethylene such as Carbopol (934P; B.F. Goodrich), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose phthalates such as Methocel (K100M premium; Merril Dow), cellulose gums such as Blanose (7HF; Aqualon, U.K.), xanthan gums such as Keltrol (TF; Kelko International), hydroxyethyl cellulose oxides such as Polyox (WSR 303; Union Carbide), propylene glycols, polyethylene glycols and mixtures thereof. If Carbopol is used, a neutralizing agent, such as NaOH, is also required in order to maintain pH in the desired range of about 7 to about 8 and most desirably at about 7.5. Exemplary preferred bactericidal agents include steryl alcohols, especially benzyl alcohol. The buffering agent can be any of those already known in the art as useful in preparing medicinal formulations, for example 20 mM phosphate buffer, pH 7.5.

Cutaneous or subcutaneous injection may also be employed and in that case the anti-inflammatory compound of the invention will be in the form of pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solutions. The preparation of such parenterally acceptable solutions, having due regard to pH, isotonicity, stability, and the like, is within the skill in the art.

Intravenous injection may be employed, wherein the anti-inflammatory compound of the invention will be in the form of pyrogen-free, parenterally acceptable aqueous solutions A preferred pharmaceutical composition for intravenous injection should contain, in addition to the anti-inflammatory compound, an isotonic vehicle such as Sodium Chloride Injection. Ringer's Injection, Dextrose Injection, Dextrose and Sodium Chloride Injection, Lactated Ringer's Injection, or other vehicle as known in the art. The pharmaceutical composition according to the present invention may also contain stabilizers, preservatives, buffers, antioxidants, or other additive known to those of skill in the art.

The amount of anti-inflammatory compound in the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention will depend upon the nature and severity of the condition being treated, and on the nature of prior treatments which the patient has undergone. Ultimately, the attending physician will decide the amount of anti-inflammatory compound with which to treat each individual patient.

Anti-inflammatory compounds identified using the method of the present invention may be administered alone or in combination with other anti-inflammation agents and therapies.

EXAMPLE 1

Library Construction

Oligo-dT primed and random primed cDNA libraries were constructed from U937 cells using a Poly ATrack kit for isolation of mRNA (Promega), a Superscript Choice kit for the generation of double stranded cDNA (Gibco BRL), and a Lambda ZapII phage cloning kit (Stratagene).

Clone Identification

Two cPLA₂-β specific deoxyribonucleotides were designed based on the sequence of EST clone W92213:

5′-CCTCCTGCAGCCCACTCGGGAC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:5) 5′-GCTGACCAGAGGAAAGTGCAGC-3′ (SEQ ID NO:6) These oligonucleotides were used to screen 10⁶ recombinates of both the oligo dT primed and random primed library. One clone which hybridizes with both oligonucleotides, clone 52A, was examined for complete DNA sequence determination (SEQ ID NO:1). The partial coding sequence on this clone begins at nucleotide 1560 and continues to a stop codon at nucleotide 3894, representing 778 amino acids (see SEQ ID NO:2). The region on the DNA sequence 5′ to nucleotide 1560 fits a splice acceptor consensus sequence and is therefore assumed to be unspliced intron sequence.

A comparison of the previous cPLA₂ amino acid sequence with the predicted cPLA-β sequence reveals 30% overall identity. It also predicts this clone to be lacking only 11 amino acids from the N-terminus. For this reason we decided to make a chimeric construct using the first 11 amino acids of cPLA₂ fused to the 778 amino acids of cPLA₂-β. This construct can be used to confirm the activity of the cPLA₂-β protein.

Construction of Expression Vectors to Produce cPLA₂β Protein in COS-7 Cells:

An adapter was generated using synthesized oligonucleotides. Its sequence and encoded amino acids are shown below.

CTAGAGAATTCACCACCATGGACTACAAGGACGACGATGACAAGTCATTTATAGATCCTT (SEQ ID NO:7) 1 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 60     TCTTAAGTGGTGGTACCTGATGTTCCTGCTGCTACTGTTCAGTAAATATCTAGGAA (SEQ ID NO:8)                  M  D  Y  K  D  D  D  D  K  S  F  I  D  P  Y - (SEQ ID NO:9)                       Flag-Tag                  cPLA2  linker ACCAGCACATTATAGCAGAGGTGTCCAGGACCTGCCTGCTCACGGTTCGTGTCCTGCAGG 61 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 120 TGGTCGTGTAATATCGTCTCCACAGGTCCTGGACGGACGAGTGCCAAGCACAGGACGTCC   Q  H  I  I  A  E  V  S  R  T  C  L  L  T  V  R  V  L  O  A -               {circumflex over ( )}cPLA2 starts here CCCATCGCCTACCCTCTAAGGACC 121 ---------+---------+-----144 GGGTAGCGGATGGGAGATTCCTGGAT   H  R  L  P  S  K  D This adapter was ligated with the largest BfaI-EcoRI fragment from clone 52A (bps 1630-4183) into EcoRI/XbaI digested pEDΔC vector. The resulted clone, named pEDΔC-n48, was confirmed to contain the desired inserts by restriction enzyme digestion and DNA sequencing. The sequence of the resulted clone is reported as SEQ ID NO:3.

Clone 52A was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection on Jan. 23, 1997 as accession number XXXXX. pEDΔC-n48 was deposited with the American Type Culture Collection on Jan. 22, 1997 as accession number YYYYY.

(2) Transfection and Activity Assay:

Eight micrograms of plasmid pEDΔC-n48 was transfected into COS-7 cells on 10 cm cell culture plate using lipofectamine (GIBCO BRL) according to manufacturer's protocol. PEDΔC vector DNA, pEMC-cPLA2, pEMCiPLA2 were also transfected in parallel experiments. At 66 hours posttransfection, cells were washed twice with 10 ml of ice-cold TBS, scraped into 1 ml of TBS. Cell pellets were collected, resuspended in lysis buffer (10 mM HEPES, pH 7.5. 1 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM DTT, 0.34 M sucrose, 1 mM PMSF and 1 ug/ml leupeptin) and lysed in a Parr-bomb (700 psi, 10 min) on ice. The lysate were centrifuged at 100,000 g for 1 hr at 4° C. The supernatant (cytosolic fraction) was transferred to another set of tubes and the pellets were resuspended in 0.5 volume of lysis buffer (particulate fraction). Twenty ul of the lysate or cytosolic fraction or 10 ul of the particulate fraction were mixed on ice with 100 ul substrate containing 20 uM 1-palmitoyl-2-[1-14C]-arachidonyl-L-3-Phosphotidylcholine, 80 mM glycine, pH 9.0. 200 uM Triton-X 100, 70% glycerol and 10 mM CaCl2. The reaction was carried out at 37° C. for 15 min and the products analyzed as described (PNAS 87, pp7708-7712, 1990).

EXAMPLE 2 Phopholipase Assays

1. sn-2 Hydrolysis Assays

A) Liposome: The lipid, e.g. 1-palmitoyl-2-[¹⁴C]arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine(PAPC), 55 mCi/mmol, was dried under a stream of nitrogen and solubilized in ethanol. The assay buffer contained 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7, 4 mM EDTA, 4 mM EGTA, 10% glycerol and 25 μM of labelled PAPC, where the volume of ethanol added was no more than 10% of the final assay volume. The reaction was incubated for 30 minutes at 37° C. and quenched by the addition of two volumes of heptane:isopropanol:0.5M sulfuric acid (105:20:1 v/v). Half of the organic was applied to a disposable silica gel column in a vacuum manifold positioned over a scintillation vial, and the free arachidonic was eluted by the addition of ethyl ether (1 ml). The level of radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation.

Variations on this assay replace EDTA and EGTA with 10 mM CaCl₂.

B) Mixed Micelle Basic: The lipid was dried down as in (A) and to this was added the assay buffer consisting of 80 mM glycine pH 9, 5 mM CaCl₂ or 5 mM EDTA, 10% or 70% glycerol and 200 μM triton X-100. The mixture was then sonicated for 30-60 seconds at 4° C. to form mixed micelles.

C) Mixed Micelle Neutral: As for (B) except 100 mM Tris-HCl pH 7 was used instead of glycine as the buffer.

2. sn-1 Hydrolysis Assays

Sn-1 hydrolysis assays are performed as described above for sn-1 hydrolysis, but using phospholipids labelled at the sn-1 substituent, e.g. 1-[¹⁴C]-palmitoyl-2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phophocholine.

Patent and literature references cited herein are incorporated by reference as if fully set forth. 

1. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from: i) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; ii) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate; iii) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; and iv) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide cleaves the phospholipid and releases fatty acid, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate.
 6. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises an amino acid sequence selected from: i) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2; ii) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay wish 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate; iii) the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4; and iv) a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide activity is inhibited by the candidate inhibitor compound, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 2. 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:
 4. 10. The method of claim 6, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises a fragment of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4 having activity in a mixed micelle assay with 1-palmitoyl-2[¹⁴C]-arachidonyl-phosphatidylcholine as a substrate.
 11. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises an amino acid sequence encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1 under stringent conditions of 4×SSC at 65 degrees C.; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide activity is inhibited by the candidate inhibitor, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 12. A method for identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity, said method comprising: a) contacting a phospholipid with a candidate inhibitor compound and a phospholipase enzyme peptide, wherein the phospholipase enzyme peptide comprises an amino acid sequence encoded by a polynucleotide that hybridizes to the nucleic acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 3 under stringent conditions of 4×SSC at 65 degrees C.; and b) determining whether the phospholipase enzyme peptide activity is inhibited by the candidate inhibitor, thereby identifying an inhibitor of phospholipase activity.
 13. The method of any one of claims 1-12, further comprising forming a composition comprising the inhibitor and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. 